Berlin is characterised by near-natural soils that are relatively undisturbed by any use and have developed over a long period of time. These include luvisols (para-brown soils), podzoluvisols (leached soils), cambisols (brown soils), dystric cambisols (rusty-brown soils), spodo-dystric cambisols (podzol brown soils), podzols, gleysols, and histosols (bog soils). The latter occur al-most exclusively in the less densely populated and unpopulated outer margins of the city.
